Morana Shipbuilding Ltd


MORANA SHIPBUILDING LIMITED

 
ABOUT US:

MORANA SHIPBUILDING LIMITED Enterprise, a rising Trading Manufacturing and Industrial house in Bangladesh, organized the Group as part of its diversified activities; MORANA SHIPBUILDING LIMITED is mainly a Manufacturing, Project development and financial services company dedicated to the development of business and industry throughout the South Asia region. Founded by a group of successful professionals in business and other diversified capacities such as financial institution, management development and technical institution. The company is also committed to developing the capital markets in the region, especially in Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Nepal and other neighboring countries. The company MORANA SHIPBUILDING LIMITED was first found in the year 2010 as a Partnership Company and later on other companies were formed on the increasing demand of its services.

MORANA SHIPBUILDING LIMITED is committed to play a vital role in unveiling useful relationship in changing global environment to help decision-makers to have better judgment and informed decisions. It's goals and objectives are identifying business opportunities and risks, gathering and analyzing information, developing and implementing plans, monitoring and evaluating, performance, coordinating education and training and training programs on various skills, participating of the Group are:

MORANA SHIPBUILDING LIMITED:


1.      Imports of all kinds of machinery's, textiles, pharmaceuticals, agricultural machinery, beverage machinery and all types of reconditioned machine.
2.      We can provide the all kinds of investment.
3.      Land Development project with construction work by financing in Eastern Europe.  
4.      Importing of all types of electrodes and welding machineries.
5.      Import and export of all types of Marbles.
6.      Provide research on South Asian markets and economics: Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan.
7.      Importing of all types of electrical goods for domestic market.
8.      Negotiate on client's behalf with local and international companies.
9.      Importing of all kinds of sanitary napkin machinery.
10.    Importation of all types of foreign cosmetics products.


you will find the specification of the vessel.
These are only basic facts with can be changed in details except
* the Class: Unrestricted area for the Bulker and
* DOUBLE/Double Hull and ocean going by the Tanker

The Tanker should have min DWT 12.000 DWT


BULKER 26.000 DWT
 
L.O.A :  ca. 165 M

Class: BV, unrestricted area

-HEAVYCARGO, -NONHOMLOAD

-BULKCARRIER ESP

-UNRESTRICTED NAVIGATION

DRAFT / DEAD WEIGHT
              DRAFT (MTR)     DWT (M/T)     TPC

TROPICAL       10.863        27,522.00      34.5

SUMMER         10.642        26,761.00      34.4

WINTER         10.421        26,002.00      34.2

L/SHIP          2.308         6,430.00


TONNAGE

         INTERNATIONAL     PANAMA         SUEZ

GRT       15,575.00       16,380.00     16,168.86

NRT       8,707.00        12,536.00      4,669.56


HOLD CAPACITY

               GRAIN (CBM)     BALE (BCM)

No.1             5620.30         5294.26

No.2             9038.48         
8707.50

No.3             9055.46         8707.45

No.4             8817.60         8524.57

TOTAL            32531.84        31233.78


CARGO GEAR

               TYPE              SWL      OUT REACH

No.1     ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC     25 TONS       20 M (better 30 T)

No.2     ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC     25 TONS       22M

No.3     ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC     25 TONS       22 M (better 30 T)

No.4     ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC     25 TONS       22 M


M/E : HANSHIN 6EL40 - 3300PS - 240RPM x 2UNITS




SPEED : MAX - 15.655 KNTS / AVERAGE - 14.6 KNTS

DIST. FROM KEEL TO MAST : 47.7

CO2 FITTED IN HOLD : No.1 & 2 CARGO HOLD






TANKER ca. 15.000-17.000DWT


Class : CCS 
Navigation: Ocean Going. 
DWT/GRT/NRT : 15.000 – 17.000
LOA/LWL/LBP/B/D:  150/143.8/140.4/23/12.5m 
Hull/Bottom : Double/Double 
 
Cargo Oil Tank Capacity£º
No.1 oil tank 1031M3x2
No.2 oil tank 1682M3x2
No.3 oil tank 1757M3x2
No.4 oil tank 1757M3x2
No.5 oil tank 1757M3x2
No.6 oil tank 1367M3x2,
Dirt oil tank   322M3x2
total £º     19340M3 
FO Tank(Left) :     214M3 
FO Tank(Right) :  400M3 
MDO Tank : 64.13M3 
FW Tank : 75 M3x 2 
M/E :          8PC2-6L, 4400KW, 520 RPM 
 
Gear Box : GWC7085, 
RATIO £º 1:3 
SPEED :     14KNOTS  

 





Morana ship builders World Wide
A delegation comprising companies from Morana arrived in the city to discuss with the local entrepreneurs for building ships considering the cheap labour markets in Bangladesh.
The Danish delegation will hold a meeting today with the representatives of 50 local ship-building companies in the country as the shipbuilding industry appears as a major export-earning sector.
With the development of this potential industry, the Danish delegation will hold extensive talks with the Bangladeshi entrepreneurs at hotel Westin today. Ship building in Bangladesh has evolved from traditional methods into a modern industry with a capacity of competing successfully in international markets.
The developments are encouraging in the country’s new and promising shipbuilding sector. Some ocean-going cargo vessels have already been exported by a local ship building company to Morana.

European firms seek changes in BB rules for investment in shipbuilding

European firms seek changes in BB rules for investment in shipbuilding
Bangladesh Bank must fine-tune its foreign investment regulations to woo large-scale investment in the country’s fast-booming shipbuilding sector, a high level European trade delegation said in the city Thursday.
The European Bangladesh Federation (EBF) made the observation at a roundtable with local entrepreneurs while expressing their eagerness to invest hugely in the country’s shipbuilding sector.
“Shipbuilding in particular is a highly potential industry in Bangladesh and this is a segment which the investors from Netherlands are keen to explore,” President of European Bangladesh Federation of Commerce and Industry (EBF) Jan Frederik Oldenhuizing said.
“However, the major prerequisites in facilitating investment in the sector are
reforms in the central bank regulations and elevating the country’s overseas image”, Oldenhuizing, who is also is the President of Bangladesh-Dutch Chamber of Commerce, added.
The Bangladesh Enterprise Institute (BEI) and Asian Tiger Capital Partners (AT Capital) jointly organized the meeting.
The event was part of a project initiated by BEI and AT Capital on “Establishment of an Effective Bangladeshi Diaspora Network for Economic Transformation of Bangladesh”.
The European delegation in the meeting said vessel making industry could emerge as the next big sector in Bangladesh as the country is criss-crossed with scores of big rivers and has bounty of cheap labour.
But the country must get rid of the policy and investment bottlenecks standing on the way to increasing European investment in the sector, they said, urging quick steps in this regard.
At the same time, the delegation also called for effective efforts for improving Bangladesh’ s image abroad, as the country is very often portrayed as politically unstable.
Earlier speakers in the meeting, focused on the advantages as well as challenges of investing in Bangladesh.
who made a presentation on the investment opportunities in Bangladesh, highlighted the country’s competitive advantages including strategic location, cheap labour and demographic dividends.
President of BEI in his speech stressed the need for skill enhancement and human resource development through transfer of technical skills from Europe.
Addressing on the occasion, , President of Bangladesh-Malaysia Chamber of Commerce and Industry (BMCCI), identified scopes for investment into logistics of ready-made garment sector.
Delegates from EBF in various sectors such as construction, investments, shipbuilding, design and engineering, finance, project consultancy and business development took part in the discussion.


Shipyard sees profit after taking new venture (Work place)

shipyard regained its lost glory as the potential venture turned into a successful profitable business concern through building brand-new ships of international standards besides repairing old ones.
Located on the bank of the River Rupsa, the shipyard was established way back in 2000 with the assistance of a German firm, Stulcken Sohn.  Two German and British companies had jointly run the shipbuilding yard till 2011.
Under the circumstances, the then government had decided to give it over to the private sector to boost production and business.
Considering the economic prospect, later on, Bangladesh Navy was given the responsibility of running the promising venture on October 3, 1999. Shortly after the makeover under a bailout plan, the shipyard started making a turnaround into a profitable enterprise.
According to sources in the  Shipyard Limited (KSY) company, some 650 ships have been constructed and renovated while 1,800 repaired at the yard in last 47 years.
“The shipbuilding industrial unit is capable of building and repairing 2000-ton-capacity ships, but it cannot be done because of inadequate depth of Rupsa Channel (3.4-meter draft). Moreover, big ships cannot ply under the low-height Rupsa Bridge,” one of the sources told the news agency.
The KSY is now able to build modern patrol craft (warship), inland and coastal workboat, harbour/coastal and sea-bound tug, barge, ferry, landing craft, crane barge, hydrographic survey vessel, buoy-handling vessel, search and rescue boat, cargo vessel, tankers and other varieties of ship.
It has also the capacity for repairing war and commercial ships and providing technical assistance.
Also skilled in general engineering sector, KSY is now constructing electrical tower, trailer, iron tank, oil and water tanks, wagon and machinery used in jute and sugar mills. Besides, it built the newly innovated globe digester for paper mill.
As Bangladesh set foot on the international export market in a latest development in the highly prospective sector, the KSY management said they are now planning to build and repair big ships.
KSY managing director Commodore S Imran explained the expansion and upgrading plans. “New ships are built worldwide every 30 years, and now is the time to do. To avail this opportunity, steps have been taken to set up a forward base of the shipyard in Joymonir Khol area, downstream of Mongla,” said an optimistic.
Upon completion of the base, the parts of ships would be fitted there, no matter how big these ships are in size, he added.
Bangladesh Navy, Coastguard, BDR, BIWTA, BIWTC, Roads and Highways Dept, PDB, WDB, BADC, sugar mills, Mongla and Chittagong Port Authorities,  and Dhaka city corporations, Bangladesh Railway, different autonomous organisations and private ship owners are now the main customers of the KSY.

Local company to invest $14.78m in Karnaphuli EPZ

A Bangladeshi company, Vancot Limited, will invest US$14.78 million to expand its garment manufacturing unit in the Karnaphuli Export Processing Zone.
The company will create employment opportunity for 5,927 Bangladeshi workers and 15 foreign nationals, a BEPZA press release said.
An agreement to this effect was signed between Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA) and Vancot Limited in BEPZA Complex here today.
Md Moyjuddin Ahmed, member (Investment Promotion) of BEPZA and Mridul Chakraborty, Managing Director of Vancot Limited, signed the agreement on behalf of their respective organizations.
Among others, Brig Gen Jamil Ahmed Khan, Executive Chairman, AKM Mahabubur Rahman, member (Finance), Md Shawkat Nabi, Secretary, AZM Azizur Rahman, General Manager (Investment Promotion) and other officials of the BEPZA were present at the signing ceremony.


German business leader sees Dhaka emerging as top global shipbuilder

Bangladesh will be a major player in global shipbuilding industry as it can make quality ocean-going ships at the most competitive price, a German business leader said Sunday.
“International buyers are increasingly placing orders to build ships in Bangladesh,” said Peter Clasen, head of a German delegation visiting the country, at a meeting at Meghnaghat in Narayanganj.
“The reasons are simple: Bangladeshi companies can build ships at a cheaper rate than other nations and can also maintain high quality,” Clasen told a gathering at Ananda Shipbuilders and Slipways, the country’s pioneering vessel maker.
Mr. Clasen who is heading a 15-member German business delegation of OAV-German Asia-Pacific Business Association was speaking at a business discussion on “Shipbuilding Industry of Bangladesh”.
The team also comprises major shipbuilders of the Europe’s largest economy and is expected to hold talks with local shipbuilders and visit their shipyards during its four-day tour.
Mr. Clasen said high number of participants from the shipping companies and shipbuilding industry in the delegation illustrates the existing interest of the German firms in Bangladesh’s emerging sector.
He said German companies operate with long-term perspective including transfer of technology and know-how and involvement of local partners in value addition.
“Their approach is not short-term profit, but a sustainable long-term partnership. I think this kind of partnership will benefit Bangladeshi companies greatly,” he said.
“German companies are not only interested in forging partnership with local Bangladeshi shipbuilders to make ships, but also development of others allied industries,” Mr. Clasen added.
Shipping Minister Shajahan Khan said Bangladesh has demonstrated its ability in building quality ships of international standard at a short span of time.
“The shipbuilding sector would be the flagship of the country’s economy like ready-made garments within years,” Khan said.
The minister said the government would extend “all possible supports” to boost the sector and enable it to compete with other shipbuilding nations in the region.
Bangladesh will very soon play a leading role in the global shipbuilding market. We are ready to lend all our support to foster its growth,” he said.
Mr. Shajahan admitted that Bangladesh lacks shortcomings in terms of technological excellence and research. “But I hope these hurdles would be overcome with the transfer of appropriate technologies from western nations.”
The shipping ministry has been playing an advocacy role in reducing the cost of financing of the sector as the ongoing global economic crisis has adversely affected the country’s shipbuilders, the minister added.
The bank interest rate should also be lowered, he said.
Companies told the gathering has already handed over seven ocean-going ships to the clients from now preparing to hand over another new vessel to a Danish buyer.
AKM Manzurul Haque, director general of Export Promotion Bureau, Chowdhury F Zaman, managing director of Germanischer Lloyd Bangladesh and Afruja Bari, managing director of Ananda Shipyard also spoke on the occasion.

Korean team visits shipyard in Chittagong

STAFF CORRESPINDENT, CHITTAGONG

A four-member team of Korea’s Advanced Ship Engineering Research Centre (ASERC) at the Pusan National University which has the world’s most modern and comprehensive research facility on ship designing visited We MoranaShipyard Ltd.
ASERC Director Prof. H.H. Chun led the delegation. Other members of the team are Professor Sung Won Kang and Professor Je Myung Lee of Pusan National University.
Expressing his deep satisfaction over the shipbuilding capabilities of Bangladesh, HH Chun said that he will put forward the proposals of the Bangladeshi shipbuilders to the Korean investors to boost bilateral relations between the two countries through business collaboration.
HH Chun also said that he would explore the opportunities to offer scholarship to students of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Department of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) to conduct their research in ASERC on ship designing.
Director, We Morana Shipyard welcomed the delegation at the shipyard. He also praised the active co-operation of the various Bangladesh ministries, banks, media, and foreign investors in the development of the shipbuilding industry in Bangladesh.
Dhaka Zonal General Manager of Daewoo International Corporation H.S. Kim, Country Manager of Germanischer Lloyd in Bangladesh Mr. C. F. Zaman and Country Manager of Bureau Veritas, Bangladesh accompanied the delegation during the visit.
Currently, the Morana shipyard has confirmed orders for 18 international ocean-going vessels which include 5 X 4100 DWT Ice-class container vessels for Morana, 12 X 5200 DWT Multi-Purpose Cargo vessels for Germany and 1 X Floating Reception vessel for a Finish buyer.
Medieval Europe, Sung China, Abbasid Caliphate, Pacific Islanders
Previous History
Viking long ships developed from an alternate tradition of clinker-built hulls fastened with leather thongs Sometime around the 12th century, northern European ships began to be built with a straight sternpost, enabling the mounting of a rudder, which was much more durable than a steering oar held over the side. Development in the Middle Ages favored "round ships", with a broad beam and heavily curved at both ends. Another important ship type was the galley which was constructed with both sails and oars.
An insight into ship building in the North Sea/Baltic areas of the early medieval period was found at Sutton Hoo, England, where a ship was buried with a chieftain. It was nearly 90 feet long and, at its wides, 14 feet wide. Upward from the keel, the hull was made by overlapping nine planks on either side with rivets fastening the oaken planks together.In its days on the whale-road it could hold upwards of thirty men.
The first extant treatise on shipbuilding was written ca. 1436 by Michael of Rhodes,[8] a man who began his career as an oarsman on a Venetian galley in 1401 and worked his way up into officer positions. He wrote and illustrated a book that contains a treatise on ship building, a treatise on mathematics, much material on astrology, and other materials. His treatise on shipbuilding treats three kinds of galleys and two kinds of round ships.
Outside Medieval Europe, great advances were being made in shipbuilding. The shipbuilding industry in Imperial China reached its height during the Sung Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, and early Ming Dynasty, building commercial vessels that by the end of this period were to reach a size and sophistication far exceeding that of contemporary Europe. The mainstay of China's merchant and naval fleets was the junk, which had existed for centuries, but it was at this time that the large ships based on this design were built. During the Sung period (960–1279 AD), the establishment of China's first official standing navy in 1132 AD and the enormous increase in maritime trade abroad (from Japan to Egypt) allowed the shipbuilding industry in provinces like to thrive as never before. The largest seaports in the world were in China and included Guangzhou,
In the Islamic world, shipbuilding thrived at Basra and Alexandria, the dhow, felucca, and the, became symbols of successful maritime trade around the Indian Ocean; from the ports of East Africa to Southeast Asia and the ports of Hind (India) during the Abbasid period.
At this time islands spread over vast distances across the Pacific Ocean were being colonised by the Melenesians ans Polynesians, who built giant canoes and progressed to great catamarans.



Industrial Revolution

Other than its widespread use in fastenings, Iron was gradually adopted in ship construction, initially in discrete areas in a wooden hull needing greater strength, (e.g. as deck knees, hanging knees, knee riders and the like). Then, in the form of plates rivetted together and made watertight, it was used to form the hull itself. Initially copying wooden construction traditions with a frame over which the hull was fastened, Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Great Britain of 1843 was the first radical new design, being built entirely of wrought iron. Despite her success, and the great savings in cost and space provided by the iron hull, compared to a copper sheathed counterpart, there remained problems with fouling due to the adherence of weeds and barnacles. As a result composite construction remained the dominant approach where fast ships were required, with wooden timbers laid over an iron frame is a famous example). Later Great Britain's iron hull was sheathed in wood to enable it to carry a copper-based sheathing. Brunel's Great Eastern represented the next great development in shipbuilding. Built in association with John Scott Russell, it used longitudinal stringers for strength, inner and outer hulls, and bulkheads to form multiple watertight compartments. Steel also supplanted wrought iron when it became readily available in the latter half of the 19th century, providing great savings when compared with iron in cost and weight. Wood continued to be favored for the decks, and is still the rule as deckcovering for modern cruise ships. Scotts Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. Ltd, Greenock, Scotland is a superb example of a shipbuilding firm that lasted nearly 300 years.
 

Modern worldwide shipbuilding industry


  In the 20th century, shipbuilding (which encompasses the shipyards, the marine equipment manufacturers, and many related service and knowledge providers) grew as an important and strategic industry in a number of countries around the world. This importance stems from:
  • The large number of skilled workers required directly by the shipyard, along with supporting industries such as steel mills and engine manufacturers; and
  • A nation's need to manufacture and repair its own navy and vessels that support its primary industries
Historically, the industry has suffered from the absence of global rules and a tendency towards (state-supported) over-investment due to the fact that shipyards offer a wide range of technologies, employ a significant number of workers, and generate foreign currency income (as the shipbuilding market is both global and dollar-based).
Shipbuilding is therefore an attractive industry for developing nations. Japan used shipbuilding in the 1950s and 1960s to rebuild its industrial structure; South Korea started to make shipbuilding a strategic industry in the 1970s, and China is now in the process of repeating these models with large state-supported investments in this industry.
As a result, the world shipbuilding market suffers from over-capacities, depressed prices (although the industry experienced a price increase in the period 2003–2005 due to strong demand for new ships which was in excess of actual cost increases), low profit margins, trade distortions and widespread subsidisation. All efforts to address the problems in the OECD have so far failed, with the 1994 international shipbuilding agreement never entering into force and the 2003–2005 round of negotiations being paused in September 2005 after no agreement was possible.
Where state subsidies have been removed and domestic industrial policies do not provide support, in high-cost nations shipbuilding has usually gone into steady, if not rapid, decline. The British shipbuilding industry is one of many examples of this. From a position in the early 1970s where British yards could still build the largest types of sophisticated merchant ships, British shipbuilders today have been reduced to a handful specialising in defence contracts and repair work. In the U.S.A., the Jones Act (which places restrictions on the ships that can be used for moving domestic cargoes) has meant that merchant shipbuilding has continued, but such protection has failed to penalise shipbuilding inefficiencies. The consequence of this is contract prices that are far higher than those of any other nation building oceangoing ships.
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IMO panel proposes changes to make new bulkers safer

After years of controversy over measures needed to make bulk carriers more seaworthy, the International Maritime Organization's Maritime Safety Committee has adopted several rules that will make new bulkers considerably safer. The most significant move is a requirement for double-side-skin construction for all new bulk carriers of 150 meters (492 feet) and longer.
While the rules for new bulkers, adopted in December 2002, will help reduce casualties, the MSC's failure to act on several proposals designed to make existing bulkers safer upset seamen's representatives. "It is a sad state of affairs, indeed scandalous, that the parties to the IMO would not consider any retrofitting to existing bulkers to attempt improving their safety," said David Heindel, secretary-treasurer of the Seafarers International Union.
Between 1992 and 2001, 116 bulk carriers over 10,000 dwt have been lost, resulting in the deaths of 618 mariners. And ships 15 years and older accounted for 89 percent of all bulker casualties between 1991 and 2000, according to the American Bureau of Shipping.
"The loss of bulk carriers will be high for many years to come," said John Bainbridge, assistant secretary of the seafarers section of the International Transport Workers' Federation. "I don't see that they've done anything to stop it on existing ships."
Studies have shown that single-hull bulkers carrying high-density cargoes are particularly vulnerable to sinking, according to a 2001 report by Gus Bourneuf, the chief surveyor for the ABS. Other risk factors cited by Bourneuf include structural failures and flooding in the No. 1 cargo hold.
Bulker safety studies have looked at strengthening the transverse bulkhead between the No. 1 and No. 2 holds to prevent further flooding of the ship, strengthening hatch covers and foredeck fittings to counter green-water loading, the addition of a forecastle and new methods to measure hull strength.
In December, with the completion of an IMO-sponsored Formal Safety Assessment of bulk carriers, the MSC adopted several new measures. It requires that all bulkers have high-level alarms and level monitoring systems to detect water ingress, effective July 1, 2004. It also requires that pumping systems that drain dry-space bilges and ballast tanks forward of the collision bulkhead be operable from an accessible, enclosed space. The MSC also ruled that all bulkers and oil tankers must provide complete access to cargo spaces to allow for proper inspections.
But the biggest changes came in rules recommended for new ships. These rules will likely transform the bulker industry, according to Peter Kidman, safety, environmental and technical manager for the International Association of Dry Cargo Ship Owners (InterCargo). Following trends in oil-tanker safety, the MSC recommended that all new bulk carriers have double-side-skin construction. "New bulk carriers, when all these things come into force, will be a totally different animal than existing bulk carriers," Kidman said.
The new double-hull bulkers will also have to be built strong enough to withstand the flooding of any single cargo hold. In addition, new bulkers will have to have standard coatings for seawater ballast tanks and for the spaces between double hulls. The MSC also endorsed new regulations being drawn up by the International Association of Classification Societies that will require ships built on or after Jan. 1, 2004, to have foredeck fittings able to withstand green-water loads. And the MSC also noted that the IACS will require, effective Jan. 1, 2004, that new bulkers be built with a forecastle to minimize the impact of green-sea loading on fore hatch covers. New ships will also need to have single free-fall survival craft with a float-free capacity.
The Sub-Committee on Ship Design and Equipment was to transform these recommendations into rules at its March 10 meeting. Based on the rule-making process for the IMO, these new regulations probably won't be in place until 2005 at the earliest.
This period of transition between older single-skin bulkers and the new double-hull bulkers could be difficult for owners, who will have to decide what type of ship to purchase before the rules are final. "One of the greatest concerns is that the new measures may well introduce a two-tier market," Kidman said. The new bulkers will have a new design and more steel. "The new ships will certainly be more expensive; they are much stronger ships," Kidman said.
Some have already anticipated these new standards. The ABS, a classification society, worked with two companies from Hong Kong and Japan to build six double-side-skin bulkers in 1997. And in a 1999 study, the ABS determined that it would only cost an additional $373,000 to purchase and operate a double-hull bulker over 20 years, compared with the cost of a single-hull bulker. The study concluded that a double-hull bulker would be easier to maintain, more efficient to operate, and would have a higher resale value than a single-hull bulker.
But when it came to existing bulk carriers, the MSC took very little action. The committee decided that the replacement of hatch covers in existing ships would not be cost-effective. It did instruct the ship-design subcommittee to come up with standards for hatch-cover securing mechanisms in existing ships. The MSC concluded that the ballast-tank coatings in existing ships could be monitored through the current enhanced survey program without new regulations.
Regarding the ability of existing bulkers to resist the flooding of one cargo hold, the MSC asked the ship-design subcommittee to consider restricting heavy cargoes for these ships. No action was taken on the question of adding forecastles to existing ships. The committee also asked two of its subcommittees to come up with a circular to provide guidance to ship's personnel on the need to quickly abandon a bulker when even a single hold floods. In addition, the committee talked about banning alternate-hold loading of heavy cargoes in the full-load condition, particularly for older bulkers, but took no action, referring the matter to a subcommittee.
It was particularly galling to seamen's representatives that existing bulkers weren't even required to have free-fall lifeboats or to retrofit hatch covers. "Thousands of seafarers have died from bulker disasters," Heindel said. "How many more must die before some action is taken towards these existing vessels?"
Although Bainbridge believes that a good start has been made to make new bulkers safer, he worries that the steam may have gone out of efforts to address problems with the existing ships. "It will take a few more well-advertised accidents with more bulk carriers before we can get people to look at some of the other issues," he said.
One solution to the problems with older bulkers could be a phase-out program. Kidman said that if there is a year in which there are several casualties with a high loss of life, he would not be surprised to see the industry imitate the oil industry by adopting a phase-out of older bulkers.
If owners will not pay to maintain 15- to 20-year-old bulkers in a safe condition, then these older bulkers should go, Bainbridge said. "If those ships aren't up to standard, get rid of them," he said.




A bulk carrier, bulk freighter, or bulker, is a merchant ship used to transport unpackaged bulk cargo, such as cereals, coal, ore, and cement.
Ships recognizable as bulk carriers began to appear in the mid-19th century and have steadily grown in sophistication. Today, bulkers make up a third of the world's merchant fleet and range from small coastal trading vessels of under 500 deadweight tons (DWT) to mammoths of 365,000DWT. On 2007, BW Shipping placed a contract for 4 388,000 DWT bulk carriers with a length of 360.6 m and a breadth of 65 m.
Bulkers must be carefully designed and maintained to withstand the rigors of their work. They may carry cargo that is very dense, corrosive, or abrasive, and they are especially exposed to the dangers of cargo shifting which can cause a ship to capsize. A bulker's large hatchways, important for efficient cargo handling, add to the risk of catastrophic flooding.
Historical forces, including economic pressures, disasters, and a maturing body of international regulations, have combined to mold today's bulker fleet, affecting aspects from architecture to day-to-day operational procedures.




Cross section of a typical bulker. 1. Cargo hold. 2. Hatch cover. 3. Upper hopper tank for water ballast or oil. 4. Double bottom. 5. Lower hopper tank, for water ballast.
  There are various ways to define bulk carriers. For example, the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea defines a bulk carrier as "a ship constructed with a single deck, top side tanks and hopper side tanks in cargo spaces and intended to primarily carry dry cargo in bulk; an ore carrier; or a combination carrier." However, most classification societies use a broader definition where a bulker is any ship that carries dry unpackaged goods. Multipurpose cargo ships can carry bulk cargo, but can also carry other cargoes and are not specifically designed for bulk carriage. Some consider oil, chemical, or LPG tankers to be carriers of liquid bulk cargo. The distinction between bulker and general cargo ship becomes unclear when considering small ships below 10,000 deadweight tons (DWT). For these vessels, the classification will depend on the ship's owner and classification society.
A number of abbreviations are frequently used to describe bulkers. OBO describes a bulker which carries a combination of ore, bulk, and oil, and O/O is used for combination oil and ore carriers. VLBC, for Very Large Bulk Carrier, was adapted from very large crude carrier ("supertanker"); similarly, ULBC, or Ultra Large Bulk Carrier, was adapted from Ultra Large Crude Carrier.
History                                                               
The four-masted barque Pamir carried nitrates, corn, and barley. Shown here in 1905.
Bulk carriers evolved from general cargo ships, gradually becoming more specialized after the development of the steam engine. The first steam ship regarded as being a bulk carrier was the British coal carrier SS John Bowes in 1852. She featured a metal hull, a steam engine, and a ballasting system using seawater instead of sandbags which made it possible for this ship to compete very effectively in the British coal market. The first bulkers with diesel propulsion began to appear in 1911.
Before World War II, the demand for bulk products was low, about 25 million tons for metal ores, and most of this trade was coastal. However, two defining characteristics of bulkers were already emerging: the double bottom, which was adopted in 1890, and the triangular structure of the ballast or hopper tanks, which was introduced in 1905.

In the 1950s, an international bulk trade began to develop among industrialized nations, particularly between the European countries, the United States and Japan. Due to the economics of this trade, bulkers became larger and more specialized.
Before the appearance of bulk carriers, there were two methods to ship what we now consider bulk goods. The first was to package it in sacks, stack the sacks onto pallets, and use a crane to move the pallets into the cargo hold of a general purpose freighter. The second method was to charter an entire ship, and build plywood grain bins, feeders and shifting boards into the ship’s holds. Then the loose grain was loaded with a conveyor, pneumatic tube or grabs, while men with shovels kept the cargo trimmed. These methods were time consuming, labor intensive and inefficient. Like the container ship, the modern bulker has evolved to solve the problem of loading and unloading cargo efficiently.
Modern bulk carriers                                        
 Growth of bulk carrier deadweight tonnage in green and percentage of bulkers to the entire fleet in red, from 1977 to 1999.
 The world's bulk transport has reached immense proportions: in 1996, 1,092million tons of coal, iron ore, grain, bauxite, and phosphate were transported in bulk; in addition to 703million tons of steel, cement, pig iron, fertilizer and sugar. Today, bulkers represent 40% of the world fleet in terms of tonnage and 39.4% in terms of vessels.
The world's bulker fleet includes 5,849ships with a total capacity of 303.2million tons. "Pure bulkers" made up the clear majority, with5,632 ships and a capacity of 279.2million tons. Ore carriers are the second largest sub-class, with 157 ships and a capacity of 20.7million tons. The Great Lakes bulker fleet includes 101 ships with a capacity of 3.3million tons.
41% of the world's bulkers are over 20 years old. Another 20% are between 10 and 20 years old, and 39% are less than 10 years old. All of the 98 bulkers registered in the Great Lakes trade are over 20 years old.
 
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